Spontaneous human combustion (SHC) is the alleged burning of a person's body without a readily apparent, identifiable external source of ignition. The combustion may result in simple burns and blisters to the skin, smoking, or a complete incineration of the body. The latter is the form most often 'recognized' as SHC. There is much speculation and controversy over SHC. It is not a proven natural occurrence, but many theories have attempted to explain SHC's existence and how it may occur. The two most common explanations offered to account for apparent SHC are the non-spontaneous "wick effect" fire, and the rare discharge called "static flash fires". Although physically it can be shown that the human body contains enough energy stored in the form of fat and other tissues to consume it completely, in normal circumstances bodies will not sustain a flame on their own.

Alleged Characteristics

There are many characteristics that together distinguish alleged SHC from other forms of fire.

Indeed, it is a combination of most or all of the following factors in a fire death that leads to allegations of SHC in the first place.

• The fire seems to have been generated spontaneously without any observable source of ignition.
• Fire damage is usually localized to the body of the victim. Furniture and appliances near the victim are usually left untouched. Little or no damage is done within the vicinity of the victim. However, this may be an artifact of the sampling process, since it is possible that in other cases, the fire spreads and causes major destruction of surroundings (especially domestic). This is discussed below.
• The body of the victim is usually more severely burned than in a normal house fire. The burns are, however, not distributed evenly across the body. The entire torso and arms of the victim are reduced to ashes, while the head sometimes survives as a bare skull and the lower extremities of the victims -- the lower legs -- are typically left intact.
• The majority of the cases of alleged SHC have occurred indoors. Again, this may be an artifact of the sampling process.
• The temperature of incineration in cases of alleged SHC is apparently much higher than temperatures achieved in commercial fuel-driven crematoria. This contrast is examined below.
• Due to the high temperature yet localized nature of the fire, hot air exposure can damage objects high above the fire.
• In the overwhelming majority of supposed cases, the victim is elderly.
• Eyewitnesses to the actual combustion process are rare, tending to create suspicion or even confusion about alleged cases of SHC. However --
• -- It is conjectured (by Heymer) that the recurring circumstance of aloneness, or actual loneliness in alleged SHC victims may be significant. The reason for the rarity of eyewitnesses may, in his view, be precisely because SHC happens to people when they are alone.

Some alleged SHC fatalities

This list is not intended to be taken as comprehensive.

• Robert Francis Bailey
• Dr John Irving Bentley
• Alan J. Hinkle
• George I. Mott
• Mary Hardy Reeser (also known as The Cinder Lady)
• Jeannie Saffin
• Henry Thomas
• Anne Gertrude Web

Some survivors of alleged SHC

A number of persons have reported serious burns that injured their bodies with no apparent cause.

If this is not the alleged phenomenon known as SHC, it would appear to be a very closely-related occurrence.

This list is not intended to be taken as comprehensive.

• Jack Angel
• Wilfred Gowthorpe

SHC historical controversy

The idea that a human body can burst into flames without an external source of combustion is not accepted by mainstream science, although some individual scientists believe it is possible. This is not a new debate, but one that has been conducted over the last several centuries, and is still ongoing. This debate is discussed in more detail at entry: spontaneous human combustion controversy.

Hypotheses

At the present day, opinion on SHC remains divided. As with any apparently anomalous phenomenon, there are a number of theories that attempt to explain how SHC happens. These fall broadly into two camps, which might be called the misidentification theorists and the SHC theorists.

General misidentification hypothesis

This is the hypothesis that all cases of alleged SHC are simply normal fires in which the cause has not been identified. This does not necessarily exclude the wick or static flash fire effects.

An influential historical case of misidentification is that of the Countess Gorlitz . In 1847, the Count Gorlitz, who lived in the region of Darmstadt, arrived home and was unable to find his wife. When her locked private room was broken into, her body was found. It had been partially incinerated. The room was fire-damaged and in a state of disorder, with a door broken and windows smashed. A writing desk

The question arose of whether this death (in an apparently locked room) was caused by SHC.

Three years later, a man called Stauff, former manservant of the Countess, was accused of her murder. He was arrested, tried and convicted. Stauff confessed that he had gone to the Countess's room and been tempted by the sight of the jewellery and money there. The Countess had returned unexpectedly and caught him in the act of stealing them. In the ensuing struggle, Stauff had strangled her. To cover his crime, he had made a heap of combustible items on her desk and set fire to them. His intention had been to destroy the entire room.

This is a clear case of a murderer trying to cover his tracks, however Misidentification hypothesis does not propose a single cause for alleged SHC. Rather, misidentification theory holds that a number of unsolved fire cases have built up into an overarching SHC myth.

In modern times, Beard and Drysdale cite the following as a single example of misidentification (taken from the files of CSICOP):

An unnamed man was leaving his place of work (unstipulated but presumably a garage or similar, for reasons which will be immediately clear) when he lit a cigarette and immediately burst into flames. It transpired that the victim had been in the habit of using a compressed air line to blow detritus off his clothing. On this occasion the victim had accidentally used a pure oxygen line, temporarily (but greatly) increasing the flammability of his clothing.

Within misidentification hypothesis, there are two main schools of thought, neither of which excludes the other. These are usually referred to as the wick effect and static flash.

The wick effect hypothesis

The wick effect is a real phenomenon that has been proven to occur under certain conditions, and thoroughly observed.

Since both wick effect and SHC would necessarily involve the incineration of bodies, and therefore the melting and combustion of body fat, there are many similarities between the known phenomenon (wick effect) and the alleged phenomenon (SHC).

A fuller discussion of contemporary mainstream scientific acceptance of the wick effect theory of SHC can be found in the article, spontaneous human combustion controversy.

• An outlined example of a typically 'deadlocked' exchange between an SHC adherent and a wick effect adherent follows.

In the case of Henry Thomas, Heymer published a description of the scene and his own questions about what he suspected was a case of SHC, which appeared in the magazine New Scientist .

A rebuttal was printed in the next issue of the magazine from David JX Halliday of the Metropolitan Police Force's Fire Investigation Unit, stating inter alia:

"This process, which I prefer to call prolonged human combustion, is usually fuelled by fat rendered from the body by the fire. It is no coincidence that in many of the cases this unit has encountered the victim was obese, and there was always a long delay before the fire was discovered.

"Examples of prolonged human combustion are, admittedly, rare but this should not be taken as evidence that an unusual source of ignition is involved. Indeed, all cases investigated by this unit have been resolved to the satisfaction of the courts without recourse to the excuse of 'spontaneous' human combustion."

BBC Experiment

Using a dead pig wrapped in a blanket and placed in a purpose-built room, The BBC set out to prove the 'wick' theory in its science television show QED. A small amount of petrol was poured on the blanket as an accelerant. After igniting the petrol, the researchers left it to burn by itself. The temperatures of the fire was regularly recorded and it was only around 800° C (1472° F). As the fire burned through the pig's skin, it melted its subcutaneous fats, which flowed onto the blanket. Bone marrow, which also contains a high amount of fats, also contributed to the burning. The surrounding furniture was not burnt although a television placed above a cupboard had its plastic cover melted. The fire had to be manually extinguished after seven hours. The majority of the pig's body had been burnt to ashes.

The static flash fire hypothesis

This is a condition in which static electricity apparently builds up to such dangerous levels in the human body that a sparking discharge can ignite clothing.

A noticeable static electricity shock typically measures 3,000 volts, created by performing certain activities. The charge can build up to much greater levels depending on other conditions such as humidity. Walking across a carpet can create a potential difference of 1,500 to 35,000 volts.

Static discharges can ignite petrol fumes at filling stations, and are one suspected cause of filling station explosions which are popularly (but erroneously) believed to be caused by emissions from mobile phones.

Seventy percent of such incidents occur in cool dry weather, which favours the buildup of static.

The phenomenon of massive static charges on human bodies was first noted by the late professor Robin Beach of the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute .

Professor Beach believed that some people could build up a sufficient static charge to ignite combustible materials in contact with their bodies. While putting this forward as a possible cause of SHC reports, Beach

In static flash fire cases, the voltage that builds up is much higher, producing bright flashes capable of illuminating dark surroundings, or shimmering flame-like effects, depending on circumstances. In some cases, the charge is apparently sufficient to ignite dust or fluff clinging to clothing, which may then set clothing alight.

Survivors of static flash fires/events

Two examples of people surviving potentially-catastrophic static flash events are given in John E Heymer's book 'The Entrancing Flame'. Each case is backed up by an eyewitness.

The accounts are in the form of written and signed statements from named indviduals, shorn of some details to protect the privacy of correspondents. Summaries follow.

• In September 1985, a young woman named Debbie Clark was walking home when she noticed an occasional flash of blue light:

"It was me. I was lighting up the driveway every couple of steps.

"As we got into the garden I thought it was funny at that point. I was walking around in circles saying: 'look at this, mum, look!' She started screaming and my brother came to the door and started screaming and shouting 'Have you never heard of spontaneous human combustion?'"

Debbie's mother, Dianne Clark:

I screamed at her to get her shoes off and it kept going so I hassled her through and got her into the bath. I thought that the bath is wired to earth. It was a blue light you know what they call electric blue. She thought it was fun, she was laughing.

• In winter 1980, Cheshire, England resident Susan Motteshead was standing in her kitchen, wearing flame-resistant pyjamas, when she was suddenly engulfed in a short-lived fire that seemed to have ignited the fluff on her clothing but burned out before it could set anything properly alight.

"I was stood in the kitchen and my daughter just screamed out that my back was on fire. As I looked down it sort of whooshed all over me. It was like yellow and blue flames all over me. I was not burned at all. Not even my hair was burned."

The daughter, Joanne Motteshead, confirms this account and adds that the fire brigade arrived and tried (unsuccessfully) to set fire to Susan's pyjamas.

The two subjects (Debbie Clark and Susan Motteshead), speaking independently and with no knowledge of each other, give similar histories:

Clark: I was not wearing any nylon clothing . I used to suffer a lot with static electricity so I tended not to wear anything nylon. I used to crackle with static when taking off my clothes and if I touched any metal thing it used to hurt me. I used to have a lot of trouble with electrical things. they would break down or blow up."

Motteshead: "I had just washed and dried my hair . I used to have a lot of static electricity when I was younger. I used to get shocks from touching fridges, things like that."

Spontaneous human combustion conjectures

Adherents to SHC conjectures hold that the cause of SHC is none of the above, but that it is a discrete and genuine phenomenon in which the flesh of the human body catches fire without any external cause.

The field of SHC theories divides into two camps: The supernaturalists and the non-supernaturalists.

The supernaturalists believe that the cause of SHC is almost certainly beyond human knowledge forever. This faction puts forward various conjectures that include poltergeists, divine wrath, etc, which are not considered separately here.

The non-supernaturalists believe that SHC is either knowable or will be knowable.

There is little or no general agreement between those advocating such SHC conjectures. Moreover, there is little agreement between the SHC non-supernaturalists and the SHC skeptics.

Brief discussions of some of these advocates follow:

John E Heymer and 'The Entrancing Flame'

Described by Joe Nickell as an "English coal-miner-turned-constable,", John E Heymer wrote a 1996 book entitled The Entrancing Flame.

This gets its title from one deductive conclusion that he has reached from examining many cases, namely that SHC victims are lonely people who fall into a trance immediately prior to their incineration.

Heymer suggests that a psychosomatic process in such emotionally-distressed people can trigger off a chain reaction by freeing hydrogen and oxygen within the body and setting off a chain reaction of mitochondrial explosions. Heymer's theories have won little support. They have also generated misunderstanding: Ian Simmons, in a review of The Entrancing Flame, criticised Heymer thus: "He seems to be under the illusion that exist as gases in the cell and are thus vulnerable to ignition, which is, in fact, not the case."

Larry Arnold and the 'Pyroton'

Larry Arnold is a private researcher, who has devoted much time to the SHC controversy. He is director of an organization called ParaScience International .

Arnold, in his 1995 book on SHC entitled Ablaze!, theorises that a hitherto-unknown subatomic particle which he refers to as the pyroton is emitted in cosmic rays, usually passing harmlessly through the body like a neutrino, but occasionally striking a cell nucleus and triggering off a chain reaction that destroys the body entirely.

Reaction to Arnold's theory has been almost unanimously negative.

In 1996, in a Fortean Times article, Ian Simmons said: "There is, however, no independent evidence for such a particle and just inventing it to explain SHC is not really a runner"

Use in written fiction

Spontaneous human combustion is occasionally used in works of written fiction:

• Charles Dickens used spontaneous human combustion as a plot device in his novel Bleak House (1853), which added considerably to interest in the subject.
• In Madison Smartt Bell's novel Waiting For The End Of The World the main character dies due to SHC.
• Herman Melville's story Redburn features a sailor who combusts, perhaps due to alcoholic overindulgence.
• In Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child's novel Brimstone, there are some killings involving SHC.
• Charles Brockden Brown's eighteenth-century novel Wieland revolved around a case of SHC.

Use in other popular culture

Spontaneous human combustion is also used in popular culture movies and television shows:

• In an episode of the BBC's sitcom Red Dwarf titled "Confidence and Paranoia", the main character, Dave Lister, is informed that a previous mayor of Warsaw spontaneously combusted. He then contracts a virus that turns his subconscious thoughts into reality, thus causing the mayor of Warsaw to appear on the ship and then explode.
• In the song "Pardon Me" by the band Incubus and in the Eminem song "3 verses", the lyrics refer to spontaneous human combustion. The Blue Öyster Cult song "Fire of Unknown Origin" also refers to this phenomenon.
• The acappella group The Bobs recorded a song "Spontaneous Human Combustion" on their 1993 album Shut Up and Sing. It humorously speculates on various causes for the phenomenon.
• The television series Picket Fences featured an episode in which a recurring character died in this manner.
• The wick experiment was depicted in the television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in the episode "Face Lift" as well as the Japanese Drama show Investigator Mariko.
• The film This Is Spinal Tap includes several references to spontaneous human combustion, as two of the fictitious band's drummers, in the band's words, "exploded on stage."
• The film Spontaneous Combustion (1990) starring Brad Dourif references many facts that have been reported in cases of spontaneous human combustion. For reasons pertaining to the plot, the cause of the phenomena in the film is attributed to radiation poisoning and a drug that supposedly counters the effects of the radiation.
• In the South Park episode "Spontaneous Combustion", some of the town's citizens die due to spontaneous combustion as a result of holding their farts too long.
• In the movie Bruce Almighty, Evan's hair caught fire while he was presenting the news.
• The original interviewer on the MTV claymation series Celebrity Deathmatch, Stacey Cornbread, died in this manner.
• In the episode "Death Defying" on Showtime's series "Dead Like Me", Daisy reaps a man who then dies of spontaneous human combustion.
• In Season 1, Episode 12 of "The X-Files", entitled "Fire", the villain, (an IRA partisan?) had the ability to control his own spontaneous combustion and used it to commit assassinations, making them appear to be unusual, but naturally occurring, "fire accidents". They called him a "pyrokinetic assassin" instead of calling it spontaneous combustion. The X-Files investigated possible spontaneous combustion cases in at least two other episodes, in one, Mulder suggests possible SC which Scully pooh-poohs. In the other, Scully proposes possible SC, which this time Mulder pooh-poohs. After Mulder rejects her hypothesis, Scully (the rational scientist member of the team) replies that there are some highly documented unexplained cases on record. (Both investigations ended up showing the deaths were caused by other means.) (Enter Spontaneous Combustion into the search engine of either of these two sites.)

• Busdriver's song The Truth Of Spontaneous Human Combustion contains a clip from a Discovery channel television show discussing the effects of spontaneous human combustion.
• In a Calvin and Hobbes strip, Calvin asks his dad if people spontaneously combust.
• In the Star Trek: Voyager episode One, Seven of Nine has a hallucination of Tom Paris and Harry Kim bursting into flames.
• In the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "The Witch" a high school cheerleader suddenly burts in into flames inside the school gym, after a witch put a spell on her.
• In the movie This is Spinal Tap one of the band's former drummers, Eric "Stumpy Joe" Childs, spontanously combusts during a preformance.

Quotes

• "There's one mystery I'm asked about more than any other: spontaneous human combustion. Some cases seem to defy explanation, and leave me with a creepy and very unscientific feeling. If there's anything more to SHC, I simply don't want to know." — Arthur C Clarke (1994)

• "The opinion that a man can burn of himself is not founded on a knowledge of the circumstances of the death, but on the reverse of knowledge - on complete ignorance of all the causes or conditions which preceded the accident and caused it." — Justus von Liebig (1855)

See also

• Anomalous phenomena
• Anthropic misidentification
• Combustion
• Pyrokinesis

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