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[] | | History of Western philosophy |
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| Pre-Socratic philosophy | | Ancient philosophy | | Medieval philosophy | | Renaissance philosophy | | 17th-century philosophy | | 18th-century philosophy | | 19th-century philosophy | | 20th-century philosophy | | Postmodern philosophy | | Contemporary philosophy | | See also: | | Jewish philosophy | | Christian philosophy | | Islamic philosophy | The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which includes the Age of Reason. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, "The Enlightenment." This movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge. The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as courageous and elite, and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny (which they believed began during a historical period they called the "Dark Ages"). This movement also provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, the Latin American independence movement, and the Polish Constitution of May 3, and also led to the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism. It is matched by the high baroque and classical eras in music, and the neo-classical period in the arts,
and receives contemporary application in the unity of science movement which includes logical positivism. Another important movement in 18th century philosophy, which was closely related to it, was characterized by a focus on belief and piety. Some of its proponents attempted to use rationalism to demonstrate the existence of a supreme being. In this period, piety and belief were integral parts in the exploration of natural philosophy and ethics in addition to political theories of the age. However, prominent Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and David Hume questioned and attacked the existing institutions of both Church and State. The 18th century also saw a continued rise of empirical philosophical ideas, and their application to political economy, government and sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology. According to scholarly opinionentation. In 1791-1792 he served as Crown Vice Chancellor. In 1794 he took part in the Kościuszko Uprising, co-authoring its Uprising Act (March 24, 1794) and Połaniec Manifesto (May 7, 1794), heading the Supreme National Council's Treasury Department, and backing the Uprising's left, Jacobin wing. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) German Dramatist, critic, political philosopher. Created theatre in the German language, began reappraisal of Shakespeare to being a central figure, and the importance of classical dramatic norms as being crucial to good dramatic writing,
theorized that the center of political and cultural life is the middle class. John Locke (1632-1704) English Philosopher. Important empricist who expanded and extended the work of Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes. Seminal thinker in the realm of the relationship between the state and the individual, the contractual basis of the state and the rule of law. Argued for personal liberty with respect to property Leandro Fernández de Moratín (1760-1828) Spanish. Dramatist and translator, support of republicanism and free thinking. Transitional figure to Romanticism. Montesquieu Nikolay Novikov (1744-1818) Russian. Philanthropist and journalist who sought to raise the culture of Russian readers and publicly argued with the Empress. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) American. Pamphleteer and polemicist, most famous for Common Sense attacking England's domination of the colonies in America. References - Jonathan Hill, Faith in the Age of Reason, Lion/Intervarsity Press 2004
- Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton University Press 1979
- Mark Hulluing Autocritique of Enlightenment: Rousseau and the Philosophes 1994
- Gay, Peter. The Enlightenment: An Interpretation. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996
- Redkop, Benjamin, The Enlightenment and Community, 1999
- Melamed, Yitzhak Y, Salomon Maimon and the Rise of Spinozism in German Idealism, Journal of the History of Philosophy, Volume 42, Issue 1
- Porter, Roy The Enlightenment 1999
- Jacob, Margaret Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents 2000
- Thomas Munck Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History, 1721-1794
- Arthur Herman How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of how Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World and Everything in It 2001
- Stuart Brown ed., British Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment 2002
- Alan Charles Kors, ed. Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. 4 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003
- Buchan, James Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind 2003
- Louis Dupre The Enlightenment & the Intellctural Foundations of Modern Culture 2004
- Himmelfarb, Gertrude The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments, 2004
- Stephen Eric Bronner Interpreting the Enlightenment: Metaphysics, Critique, and Politics, 2004
- Stephen Eric Bronner The Great Divide: The Enlightenment and its Critics
- Henry F. May The Enlightenment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976) আলোকিত যুগ (অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দী)
Osvícenství Oplysningstiden Zeitalter der Aufklärung Διαφωτισμός Klerismo Ilustración Valgustusajastu عصر روشنگری Valistusaika Siècle des Lumières עידן האורות Felvilágosodás Illuminismo 啓蒙時代 계몽주의 Švietimo amžius Aufklärung De Verlichting Oświecenie (okres) Iluminismo Iluminism Эпоха Просвещения Razsvetljenstvo Upplysningen ยุคแสงสว่าง 啟蒙時代
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